Hybrid modeling is an approach in research that combines different modeling techniques or methodologies to address complex systems or problems. This approach integrates multiple modeling techniques, such as mathematical modeling, simulation, data-driven modeling, and artificial intelligence, to create a more comprehensive and accurate representation of the system being studied. By combining the strengths of multiple modeling approaches, hybrid modeling can provide a more holistic understanding of complex systems and can lead to more effective solutions or insights. This interdisciplinary approach is increasingly used in various fields, including engineering, economics, biology, and social sciences, to tackle complex real-world problems that cannot be effectively addressed by using a single modeling approach.